OS X is Apple's operating system that runs on Macintosh computers. It was first released in 2001 and over the next few years replaced Mac OS 9 (also known as Mac OS Classic) as the standard OS for Macs. It was called 'Mac OS X' until version OS X 10.8, when Apple dropped 'Mac' from the name.
Jan 19, 2019 Mac OS X – El Capitan is the newest iteration of Mac OS X and comes with a better polished UI for Macs. This look is loved by many people around the world. El Capitan Transformation Pack will provide you with all new MAC OS X El Capitan user experience such as theme; system resources, wallpapers and new OS X features combined altogether. I thought I'd take a few minutes to look at the philosophical design differences between the Mac OS X user interface and the Microsoft Windows user interface. This topic is probably worthy of a Master's degree thesis, but I'm going to rattle off the big differences I see in about 30 minutes worth of typing.
OS X was originally built from NeXTSTEP, an operating system designed by NeXT, which Apple acquired when Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997. Like NeXTSTEP, OS X is based on Unix and uses the same Mach kernel. This kernel provides OS X with better multithreading capabilities and improved memory management compared to Mac OS Classic. While the change forced Mac developers to rewrite their software programs, it provided necessary performance improvements and scalability for future generations of Macs.
The OS X desktop interface is called the Finder and includes several standard features. OS X does not have a task bar like Windows, but instead includes a menu bar, which is fixed at the top of the screen. The menu bar options change depending on what application is currently running and is only hidden when full screen mode is enabled. The Finder also includes a Dock, which is displayed by default on the bottom of the screen. The Dock provides easy one-click access to frequently used applications and files. The Finder also displays a user-selectable desktop background that serves as a backdrop for icons and open windows.
When you start up a Mac, OS X loads automatically. It serves as the fundamental user interface, but also works behind the scenes, managing processes and applications. For example, when you double-click an application icon, OS X launches the corresponding program and provides memory to the application while it is running. It reallocates memory as necessary and frees up used memory when an application is quit. OS X also includes an extensive API, or library of functions, that developers can use when writing Mac programs.
While the OS X interface remains similar to the original version released in 2001, it has gone through several updates, which have each added numerous new features to the operating system. Below is a list of the different versions of OS X, along with their code names.
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- Mac OS X 10.0 (Cheetah)
- Mac OS X 10.1 (Puma)
- Mac OS X 10.2 (Jaguar)
- Mac OS X 10.3 (Panther)
- Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger)
- Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard)
- Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard)
- Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion)
- OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion)
- OS X 10.9 (Mavericks)
- OS X 10.10 (Yosemite)
Updated: December 31, 2014
-->If you know C# or Java, interfaces should be a familiar concept. An interface defines a set of methods that an object can support, without dictating anything about the implementation. The interface marks a clear boundary between code that calls a method and the code that implements the method. In computer science terms, the caller is decoupled from the implementation.
In C++, the nearest equivalent to an interface is a pure virtual class—that is, a class that contains only pure virtual methods and no other members. Here is a hypothetical example of an interface:
The idea of this example is that a set of objects in some graphics library are drawable. The
IDrawable
interface defines the operations that any drawable object must support. (By convention, interface names start with 'I'.) In this example, the IDrawable
interface defines a single operation: Draw
.All interfaces are abstract, so a program could not create an instance of an
IDrawable
object as such. For example, the following code would not compile.Instead, the graphics library provides objects that implement the
IDrawable
interface. For example, the library might provide a shape object for drawing shapes and a bitmap object for drawing images. In C++, this is done by inheriting from a common abstract base class:The
Shape
and Bitmap
classes define two distinct types of drawable object. Each class inherits from IDrawable
and provides its own implementation of the Draw
method. Naturally, the two implementations might differ considerably. For example, the Shape::Draw
method might rasterize a set of lines, while Bitmap::Draw
would blit an array of pixels.A program using this graphics library would manipulate
Shape
and Bitmap
objects through IDrawable
pointers, rather than using Shape
or Bitmap
pointers directly.Here is an example that loops over an array of
IDrawable
pointers. The array might contain a heterogeneous assortment of shapes, bitmaps, and other graphics objects, as long as each object in the array inherits IDrawable
.Os X Theme For Windows 7
A key point about COM is that the calling code never sees the type of the derived class. In other words, you would never declare a variable of type
Shape
or Bitmap
in your code. All operations on shapes and bitmaps are performed using IDrawable
pointers. In this way, COM maintains a strict separation between interface and implementation. The implementation details of the Shape
and Bitmap
classes can change—for example, to fix bugs or add new capabilities—with no changes to the calling code.In a C++ implementation, interfaces are declared using a class or structure.
Note
The code examples in this topic are meant to convey general concepts, not real-world practice. Defining new COM interfaces is beyond the scope of this series, but you would not define an interface directly in a header file. Instead, a COM interface is defined using a language called Interface Definition Language (IDL). The IDL file is processed by an IDL compiler, which generates a C++ header file.
When you work with COM, it is important to remember that interfaces are not objects. They are collections of methods that objects must implement. Several objects can implement the same interface, as shown with the
Shape
and Bitmap
examples. Moreover, one object can implement several interfaces. For example, the graphics library might define an interface named ISerializable
that supports saving and loading graphics objects. Now consider the following class declarations:Os X Interface For Windows 7
In this example, the
Bitmap
class implements ISerializable
. The program could use this method to save or load the bitmap. However, the Shape
class does not implement ISerializable
, so it does not expose that functionality. The following diagram shows the inheritance relations in this example.This section has examined the conceptual basis of interfaces, but so far we have not seen actual COM code. We'll start with the first thing that any COM application must do: Initialize the COM library.